Propaganda Theory Essay Example for Free

Propaganda Theory Essay All over the world, the wheel of propaganda keeps churning. Governments have launched propaganda blitzes to mold public opinion and further their political objectives. In certain instances, they have failed. In other cases, like global wars, they have caused mass deception and destruction. People employ numerous propaganda techniques for a variety of reasons. It may be to cushion the impact of a crisis, soften antagonistic sentiments of people governed, reinforce friendly relations between countries, or foil attempts to usurp power. Propaganda in recent years has been used in a derogatory sense, characterized by doublespeak, coupled with endorsements from individuals capable of influencing others, to win public support for an idea or doctrine. When employed by nations as an act of aggression, it can unleash a never-ending series of counterpropaganda measures, and become counterproductive. Learning about propaganda how it works, and actual examples across cultures provides many interrelated insights. Propaganda Theory I. The Meaning and Types of Propaganda Propaganda is defined in many ways. It is â€Å"a systematic effort to persuade a body of people to support or adopt a particular opinion, attitude or course of action† (Funk Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary, 1963). Propaganda is something resorted to since ancient times, and has assumed many connotations through the years. It is commonly understood as the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Propaganda is a term culled from the Latin word propagare which â€Å"means to propagate or to show† (Jowett and ODonnell, 2006, p. 2). French philosopher and sociologist Jacques Ellul, who conducted a thorough study on propaganda, propounded that it is a â€Å"sociological phenomena, not as something made or produced by people of intentions† (Jowett and ODonnell, 2006, p. 4). Ellul did not discount the fact, though, that while it may have negative impact, particularly in discouraging critical thought, people have a need for it. Propaganda is characterized by certain characteristics. It has to be total, seamless, with a target audience that is â€Å"self-acting and capable of screening out contrary messages for themselves (or) partial to the thrust of the message and willing to listen to it, and†¦ works best when it prepares symbols that the public will understand, and then manipulates those symbols to achieve a desired effect† (Thompson, 2004, pp. 6-8). Propaganda, as widely used today, connotes â€Å"a coordinated strategy to minimize negative information and present in a favorable light a story that can be damaging to self-interests† (Jowett and ODonnell, 2006, p. 3). This is blatantly shown by many news organizations and governments today. In most cases, â€Å"propaganda themes are produced not because the relationship between the state and the media is antagonistic and incompatible but because they serve a common purpose† (Wilcox, 2005, p. 4). To achieve the propagandist’s intent, there are several types and techniques employed. In the corporate world, one type of propaganda is a simple testimonial. Testimonials may utilize celebrities and other people of prominence or credibility, or symbols like a flag or a respectable institution, in advertisements prodding and enticing people to purchase goods and services. Most advertisements that instill brand recall by being constantly aired on all forms of media are also a form of propaganda. Usually, the propagandist conceals his main agenda in a deliberate attempt to win public favor. Propaganda may be classified then as white, or â€Å"from a correctly identified source and is not intentionally deceptive† (Brahm, 2006, parag. 4) or black, which is the exact opposite. As for the techniques, propagandists employ age-old techniques to influence or win over people to their side, like name-calling, whereby the object is to make a person see an object, person or idea in a negative light without carefully assessing evidences; use of glittering generalities that uses abstract terms, especially ideals like freedom, justice, and truth to appeal to the listener’s emotions or valued principles; card stacking, which highlights only one view to an argument while downplaying or totally repressing the dissenting or contradictory opinions in order to manipulate the sentiments or change the mindset of the audience; transfer technique, in which case the propagandist uses an object or symbolism that is generally revered or respected to win over people; testimonials, which uses prominent, authoritative or famous people to appeal to listeners’ emotions or in some instances, both the emotions and logic; and bandwagon, which presupposes that since majority of people are doing or supporting something, then that general trend must have merits worth considering. The propagandist, in this case, expects the audience to conform to the general will and reap the benefits offered (â€Å"The Art of Propaganda,† n. d. ). II. Propaganda Through the Years Propaganda’s various meanings and connotations have evolved through the years. In the modern world, the most common conduit or mouthpiece of propaganda is the news media, whether print, television, radio or online. Many governments have used media as disseminator of propaganda, especially during crisis moments or to win major support for conflict intervention. Milestones that have been part and parcel of the history of propaganda go way back to 1622, when the Vatican, under Pope Gregory XV, â€Å"established the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, meaning the sacred congregation, for propagating the faith of the Roman Catholic Church† (Jowett and ODonnell, 2006, p. 2). Succeeding events led to the loss of impartiality in the term propaganda. In the present information age, some people who are well-read and aware of issues and news developments are able to discern whenever their government has set into motion a major information campaign to gain public support for an electoral campaign or even a war effort. There are also insidious ways individuals or governments use propaganda, like in the case of terrorist groups enlisting people to support their cause, or military leaders trying to outmart the enemy by overstating the size of one’s fleet or amplifying the sophisticated weaponry at their disposal. Propaganda has been used countless times for political warfare. History is replete with cases of governments swaying the populace to gain support for their cause or political ends. An example of 20th century propaganda are the anti-German propaganda materials widely disseminated by British agencies. Former US President George Bush’s propaganda machine emphasized an anti-terrorism stance. Ironically, he had denounced numerous propaganda tactics directed at the US which he thought to have vilified the country’s image in the global community. The US government employed similar propaganda techniques during the Gulf War and Kosovo Conflict in the 1990s. Many political rulers, like Joseph Stalin, used propaganda in a damaging sense. Another clear-cut illustration of 20th century propaganda is Adolf Hitler’s reign of terror. Everyone knows how the charismatic dictator won over people to his side not only with his eloquent speeches but with his military tactics and well-oiled propaganda machinery. Naxi propaganda bordered on censorship. Books and films that ran counter to the beliefs of the rulers were burned. In their stead, radio communications called â€Å"People’s Receiver† were offered at a cheap price. There were also organized rallies that succeeded in gaining the public’s loyalties. â€Å"In Nazi publications and German newspapers, newsreels, posters, ‘educational’ materials, etc), much use was made of cartoons from Julius Streicherthe Nazis’ vitriolic and foremost hate monger† (Thompson, 2004, parag. 11). On the other hand, there have also been countless examples of propaganda back in the 18th century. Propaganda was employed, to promote the cause of independence, through the dissemination of pamphlets during the American Revolution. In France and Europe, there was widespread criticisms for the ruling class by learned men. It was an age when anti-enlightenment ideas proliferated, and propaganda was at its peak. III. Propaganda in the Arab World Propaganda has found strong use in the Arab world. â€Å"The anti-Semitic literature published by the Arabs since World War II has been voluminous†¦Arab propagandists and sympathizers have persisted in the charge that Israel is a foreign outpost of Western civilization, the intruding offspring of Europe inhabited by European survivors of Nazi brutality† (Peters, n. d. ). Consumed by the overriding belief that Israel does not have the right to exist, most Arab and Muslim states engaged in propagandist tactics, including biased reporting and use of language that detracts from the true meaning. Propaganda was also applied through the use of official newspapers that tackled how Jews manage all the worlds governments. In similar manner, the US government has launched anti-Arab propaganda material, much to its own detriment and reputation in the international community. References Brahm, Eric. (2006). Propaganda. Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/propaganda/ Funk Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary. (1963). New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc. Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria ODonnell. (2006). Propaganda and persuasion (4th ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Peters, Joan. (n. d. ). â€Å"From time immemorial the origins of the Arab-Jewish conflict over Palestine. † Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://gospelpedlar. com/articles/Church%20History/jews. html

County cork :: essays research papers

Philipps-Università ¤t Marburg  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fachbereich 10: Fremdsprachliche Philologien Institut fà ¼r Anglistik und Amerikanistik PS: The Landscape of Ireland Leitung: Madeleine Kinsella Hausarbeit von Mathias Weber County Cork County Cork The aim of this term paper is to give an overview of the county Cork, beginning with its geographical location then present some historical events that are relevant to the history of Cork and finally show the places of interest, both of the county Cork and of the city itself. The population amounts to 400,000 inhabitants according to the CSO and the principal city, Cork city, covers an area of 378 hectares with about 120,000 inhabitants. County Cork also includes 640 km of coastline with many beaches, steep cliffs, making the importance of the sea play an even greater importance since Cork has one the principal harbor of Ireland. It connects Ireland to France (Roscoff, Le Havre) and the United Kingdom (Swansea). Until the sixties it used to be the starting point of many steamers for America and also the departure point of three million Irishmen who emigrated to the “new world'; in the 19th. This port has in fact contributed a lot to the economic and commercial development of Cork and the whole of Ireland. The climate is also largely influenced by the ocean: soft, wet and windy thus allowing a great variety in flora and fauna. Cork derives from the Irish ‘Corcah Mor Mumham’ and means the ‘great Marsh of Munster’ and refers to the fact that the center of Cork city is built on islands, surrounded by the River Lee, which were marshy and prone to episodes of flooding. Some of the waterways between the islands were built over to form some of the main streets of present day Cork. The oblong shape of the city center island, bounded by the north and south channel of the Lee give Cork much of its physical charm. Spencer even immortalized the unusual topography of the city when he wrote:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The spreading Lee that like an island fayre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   encloseth Cork with his divided flood'; Even tough a few prehistoric artifacts have been found, the monastery of Cork represents one of the earliest evidence of human settlement in this region. As said earlier the sea played an important role in the history of Cork as the first foreign known settlers came using maritime means: the Vikings frequently raided isolated monasteries. An attack by the Vikings is reported to have taken place around Cork in 802; they raided the abbey and the settlement nearby.

Effectiveness of Educational Technology”

The purpose of this research â€Å" Effectiveness of Educational Technology† â€Å"From a Department of Education 1995 forum, some panelists contended that rather than debating the connections between technology-based instruction and test scores, schools should focus on the most obvious and compelling reason form implementing technology-namely, those students needs strong technology skills to succeed in the world of work. From research studies it shows positive benefits from the use of technology for educational purposes. The data method use to collect this information was â€Å"First, a U. S. Department of Education-funded study of nine technology-rich schools, concluded that the use of technology resulted in educational gains for all students regardless of age, race, parental income, or other characteristics. The second, a 10-year study supported by Apple Computer, Inc. Concluded that student provided with technology-rich learning environments ‘continued to perform well on standardized tests but were also developing a variety of competencies not usually measured. † Some success seen by there research, rising scores on state tests, improved student attendance, increased student comprehension, self motivation, more parent/ teacher support improved student retention. Another issue the research hoped to confront was the possibility of negative effects from prolonged exposure to computers. Some critics have worried those students who use computers extensively will become ‘brain-dead’ or less social from looking at the computer screen all day. At the end of two years, the researchers learned that some of their worst fears had been groundless. † In a 1994 Software Publisher's Association (SPA) study, research found that: Educational technology has a significant positive impact on achievement in all subject areas, across all levels of school, and in regular classrooms as well as those for special-needs students. Educational technology has positive effects on student attitudes. The degree of effectiveness is influenced by the student population, the instructional design, the teacher’s role, how students are grouped, and the levels of student access to technology. Technology makes instruction more student-centered, encourages cooperative learning, and stimulated increased teacher/student interaction. Positive changes in the learning environment evolve over time and do not occur quickly. †

A Childs Understanding of Conservation as Seen by Piaget

The study of conservation task by Piaget typically yields the result that children at a certain age group exhibit certain understanding of conservation. A child younger than 7 or 8 is incapable of understanding the basis of conservation (Piaget Inhelder, 1974). Piaget’s theory suggests that a child’s understanding of conservation marks a transitional period in their development where cognitive perceptions change from pre-operational to operational (Inhelder Piaget, 1958). Conservation is defined as the knowledge that appearance may change but quantity and weight or number remain unchanged in a child’s mind despite transformations such as changing the object’s shape, sectioning it into pieces or displacing it into different containers (Siegal, 2003). Piaget himself has found out that the conservation of certain variables is not achieved together at the same time (Flavell, 1963). According to Flavell (1963), Piaget’s subject’s showed that conservation of matter is common at 8 to 10 years of age, weight at 10 to 12 and volume only at 12 years onwards. Piaget’s study of conservation of number yielded similar results when administered to children of age 4 to 7 (Flavell, 1963). In the study conducted (1974), 180 children aged 4 to 6 were experimented upon to gather knowledge on a child’s conservation of properties; matter, weight and volume as Piaget had believed that a child a pre-operational stage would not be able to comprehend conservation and believes that to beShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Piaget s Theory856 Words   |  4 Pagesand perceive the world. Piaget was interested in the qualitative, not quantitative, characteristics of development. It does not matter that a child can recite multiplication tables unless he understands the concepts behind addition and multiplication of numbers or quantities. Piaget used a number of tasks to test children’s scientific thinking and reasoning, many of which specifically tested conservation. The term Conservation is the understanding of constancy of characteristicsRead MoreEssay about Understanding Piaget’s Theory and Current Criticism1370 Words   |  6 PagesSeveral years ago, an insightful and profound man, Jean Piaget, established a theory of cognitive growth during childhood. This theory was viewed as a major model for understanding the intricate steps of mental development from the thinking to understanding for a child. This theory also gave rise to the mentality that cognitive processes during childhood are not minuscule versions of adults but rather an irrational yet unique process with its own rules. Even though Piaget’s theory seems quite reasonableRead MoreThe Stages Of Piaget s Development Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay is concerned with the Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget’s development theory, which he described as â€Å"a major turning point in a child’s cognitive development as it is the beginning of logical thought processes† (Piaget, 1954). This typically occurs between seven and eleven years of age. It will describe the developmental tests used to evidence development and evaluate the strengths and weakness of the theory in relation to the stage and tests used. During this stage, children developRead More Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors(Children’s Health n.d.). This paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the role of cultural context in child development is present in each of the theories. An in depth examination of each theory will be completed so as to give a clear understanding of the theories. The paper will also focus on the similaritiesRead MoreCognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a Series of Stages.1491 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive development can be defined as the growth of our knowledge in understanding the world around us. This growth can be developed gradually, in other words, it is seen as a continuous process by collecting more information. Another way of developing cognitively is through a series of stages which involves some sort of revolution from one period to another in one’s lifetime. Jean Piaget, a cognitive developmentalist believed that humans go through a series of stages in life in order to reachRead MoreEgocentrism in Young Children1649 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch tell us about ‘egocentrism’ in young children?† â€Å"Egocentrism is the tendency of children to cognize their environment only in terms of their own point of view† (Castillo, R.J, 1954). This technical meaning for the term was given by Jean Piaget who suggests that it is a state of mind where the child attempts to understand the world from their own point of view and fails to realise that other people’s points of view are different from theirs. Egocentrism is the unawareness of the child toRead MoreJean Piaget Is A Famous Developmental Psychologist Who1205 Words   |  5 PagesJean Piaget is a famous developmental psychologist who was born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland (Presnell, 1999). He was the first psychologist to do an organized study of cognitive development and before his studies, it was commonly thought that children were less capable thinkers than adults. After doing many observations on his own three children and other kids, he has concluded that children think in differing ways than adults (McLeod, 2009) . Piaget was seeking to find how children think about theRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Has Been Able to Contribute to Improving Children’s Lives2032 Words   |  9 PagesJean Piaget argued that when children of certain ages watch water being poured from a short, wide container into a tall, thin container, they think that the amount of water has changed. Discuss with reference to research evidence. Conservation is the ability to understand when appearance of something changes the amount is the same as before. Piaget argued that young children are unable to consider points of view different to their own and at the pre-operational stage’s children will not be ableRead MoreCognitive Development Theory Of Moral Judgment1082 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget is a famous psychologist who is professionally known for his pioneering work that he did in children’s development. His cognitive development theory has three key components, the first one is scheme, the second one is adaption which is an important process that helps a child to go from one stage another such equilibrium, accommodation and accommodation. The third one is cognitive development with four different sub theory such as, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational

Romeo and Juliet The Forbidden Love - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 881 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Romeo and Juliet: The Forbidden Love Love is like waking up in a field of yellow grass with the last rays of the sun keeping one just warm enough to want to stay there forever. To some, love is the most precious possession, which can’t be seen or heard, but felt within oneself. Love acknowledges no boundary. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Romeo and Juliet: The Forbidden Love" essay for you Create order It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, and demolishes walls to arrive at its destination full of hope. In Shakespeares tragic play Romeo and Juliet, two star-crossed lovers, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, secretly participate in young romance strictly prohibited by their feuding families. As their young love blossoms, they constantly fight to be together. Romeo even went to an extent to where he allows Juliet to completely control him all because he wants to protect his vulnerable love for Juliet. Similarly, Juliet’s scheme to play dead so that she can be far away from the nurse and her parents to marry Romeo shows the sacrifices lovers make to be together. However, despite both Romeo’s and Juliet’s efforts to be together, a misunderstanding led to both of their demises at the end of the play. Overall, the shifting characteristics of the two lovers portray how when influenced by love, change and sacrifices need to be made by the people in love in order to shield the ir love from outside forces revolt. First, Juliet starts out as a naà ¯ve girl whos dependent on her family but falling in love with Romeo causes her to bravely sacrifice her own family to be together with him. Famously   Hridia 2 referred to as the â€Å"balcony scene,† Act 2, Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet begins with Juliet standing on her bedroom balcony, talking to herself. She muses on how unfair it is that the striking gentleman she kissed moments ago is, in fact, Romeo Montague, a young man from the family her Capulet kin are warring with. She is so deeply in regret that she wishes, â€Å"Belonging to a man, O, be some other name† (2.2.41). As oblivious as Juliet is, she didn’t notice Romeo who has crept into the Capulet grounds, overheard her words. When he presents himself to Juliet, the two embark on a very passionate conversation in which they seldom confess their love for one another. Their declarations are cut short in fear that Romeo will be discovered and by Juliet’s nurse co nstantly calling her to come back into her bedroom. Before they separate, Juliet instructs Romeo to meet with her the following day to make a plan to elope and marry. Through Juliet’s daunting actions, Shakespeare portrays how when in love, sacrifices by lovers need to be made to have unison of two parties. When sacrifices are made it is proven how much one desires the other. Consequently, outside forces admire how one gives away certain aspects of their possessions to satisfy their lover, leading to no obstruction in continuing the love between two lovers. Second, Romeo starts out as a confident character but when he agrees to love Juliet, he becomes impulsive and allows Juliet of complete dominance over him. Romeo’s impulsive nature is evident as he crept behind enemy lines and claims that he has no fear of the Capulets. As he is driven by his ego, he immediately denies his heritage, claiming the Montague heritage is inferior to Juliet. In an attempt to learn how Romeo had trespassed he family grounds, Juliet Hridia 3 inquires Romeo. Flattered, Romeo, doesn’t hesitate to confidently respond, â€Å"there lies more peril in the thin eye, Than twenty of their swords† (2.2.71-72). He figures his pursuit of Juliet in the language of perilous adventure, where he must advance â€Å"stony limits† (2.2.67) and persevere through the â€Å"farthest sea† (2.2.83) in order to hit the target of his love and passion for Juliet. Regardless of his heroic portrayal, his self-confidence is reduced by the power Juliet has over him. Ever since she came into his life, she has a lot of control over him. Furthermore, Romeo describes himself as Juliet’s pet â€Å"bird† now, which signifies him as a tiny toy being manipulated by Juliet in every whim (2.2.182). However, her manipulation is only presented as love in Romeo’s eyes. It is evident that when in love, lovers change themselves no matter how drastic because it satisfies the other party. When the other party is happy, tranquility on another level is achieved. As a result, when outsides forces watch, it is hard to not admire how two lovers change for each other to bring out the best versions of themselves while keeping everyone else satisfied. Conclusion Therefore in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, it is evident that when two people are in love they change and make sacrifices to preserve their love. Romeo and Juliet are an example of this concept. Juliet is willing to sacrifice by leaving her family just to be with Romeo because she loves him that much. Similarly, Romeo changes from a boastful person to one that allows Juliet to control him all because he also loves Juliet. It is these sacrifices and change formed during relationships that help couples last, as it proves their genuineness and pure caring of each other, driving them to achieve the maximum point in each other’s passion.

Compare Contrast 3 Essays - 1982 Words

The three essays, quot;Thank God For The Atom Bombquot; by Paul Fussel, quot;Democracyquot; by Carl Becker, and quot;Chief Seattle: Letter to President Pierce, 1855quot; are three different rhetorical modes of writing that exposits theoretical, personal reasoning on the realities of certain controversial historical topics. The main focus of the essays are in proving a steadfast view of an ambiguous subject through sarcastic criticism of opposing ideas and by applying clever use of irony; the authors’ sentiments vary from imperialistic to anti-imperialistic, and from attesting to detesting a past event.quot;Thank God For The Atom Bombquot; is a straightforward imperialistic literature which analyzes cause and effect to justify the†¦show more content†¦The cause and effect of the A-bomb is therefore justified; the cause was to cease further bloodshed and the effect was the carnage ended. The positive effects does not only pertain to the Americans, but for the Japanese a lso, for the postwar Japan, an economic powerhouse quot;hustlingquot;(p460) successfully in today’s markets is the pay-off for it being quot;destroyed and then being humiliated, tamed, and constitutionalized by the West.quot;(p460) – obviously an imperialistic point of view.quot;Thank God For The Atom Bombquot; ironically can be viewed by some as anti-imperialistic as some view it imperialistic for it attacks Japanese imperialism and the Japanese psychology of the pre-war era which believed themselves to possess quot;invincible superiorityquot;(p459) thus having jurisdiction to treat another people they see fit, and that includes quot;gleeful use of bayonets on civilians, on nurses and the wounded, in Hong Kong and Singapore.quot;(p460). And it was Japan who decided to conquer the world and to deploy their diabolic armies of destruction across the globe. It must not be forgotten that the episode started by the incident at Pearl Harbor and ended by the incident at Nagas aki.The author’s voice throughout the whole essay is filled with sarcastic contempt for the people who question the moral of the bomb’s usage. He repeatedly attacks those criticsShow MoreRelatedEssay Compare Contrast 3 Psychological Approaches To The Study Of Criminal Behaviour1190 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast 3 psychological approaches to the study of criminal behaviour Tim Booth Crime has been defined as acts attracting legal punishment (Blackburn, 1993; p.5) and it can fall within numerous legal categories, ranging from crimes against persons, against property, white collar crimes and so on. However, offences such as moral crime, where no law has been broken, also need to be considered, especially when studying the cause and prevention through psychology. Just as the typesRead MoreComparison and Contrast1409 Words   |  6 PagesAllah Professor: Dr.Bahman Amani Prepared by: Akbar Akbari Place: IAU Maraghe Date: May 6th 2010 ⠝â€" Definition: To compare is to show how items are alike. To contrast is to show how items are different. Thus comparison and contrast involve pointing out the similarities or differences between two (or more) items. In deciding what to compare or contrast, you will want to make sure that the items share points in common. Thus, the items compared are usually the same kind or class of thingRead MoreCompare and Contrast1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create lists of qualitiesRead MoreHow to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesInstructions of How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay 1 First look at the items you are supposed to compare and contrast. Do you understand them? If you are writing an essay outside of class, look them up. Start with your text book but also look at your notes from class, and even go and check them out at Wikipedia. If you are taking a test, and cant look things up, pause and think over what these things mean. The next two steps will help you remember. 2 Make a list of ways the twoRead MoreCompare and Contrast1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. 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Explaining the differences or points of disconnection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of each Adapted from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary On what subjects canRead MoreAchieve a Level Four Performance in an Oral Exam Through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesLevel Four Performance in an Oral Exam through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay Part One Write an Effective Oral Essay/Formal Speech on a Comparative-Study Topic â€Å"The central idea, or thesis, is your essay’s life and spirit.† Sheridan Baker, The Practical Stylist Formal speeches are carefully scripted pieces of writing. A formal speech is essentially an oral essay. The conventions of the oral essay/the formal speech include the following: †¢ Purpose To persuade, inspireRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesAfrica Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. Polytheism Judaism Christianity Asia Compare the originsRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesAP Exam Essays 2001-2010 2010 AP Exam Essays 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? 2. 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The study of international relations has been a co Essay Example For Students

The study of international relations has been a co Essay ntested ground for many decades. A specific indication of this would be explaining or understanding the nature or knowledge of the world. Many theorists from different schools of thought since the 1930s have debated the contributions made among themselves. The main terminology here initially is the epistemology or ontology of the research among international relations theorists, much confined within the boundaries of social research either scientific or non-scientific, objective or subjective. Fundamentally, theories in international relations are either foundational or anti foundational, explanatory or constitutive. Therefore, as a researcher you either fall under the positivist framework of research or the post positivist framework in research. Both of the aforementioned frameworks have been at odds with each other since the birth of research in international relations. In relation to the validity and warrantable acceptability of knowledge that constitutes to the focus. The focus is obviously explaining or understanding international relations. The scale has two ends just as there is a scale among states, democratic on one end and on the other anarchy. The placement of a state on such a scale is dependent upon the domestic and foreign policy, most presently speaking. There has been much debate between positivist theorists among themselves as Rationalists and Post Positivist theorists as Reflectivist also among themselves, both still existent today. But in the present day there seems to be a new theory that intends to bridge the gap. Known as Social Constructivism. Using theoretical frameworks and methodology from both sides. Very rationalist in its ways and not very cosy with Reflectivist, though it has been said that this theory has become prevalent. On the grounds that European integration seems to be the best place to test it. Bearing in mind it is a very new theory and it requires some refining and much more contributions in respect of knowledge. Thus far, IR terminology has occurred very often and I intend to clarify this in detail. But more importantly tackle the focus on what contributions, social constructivism has made to the study international relations? IR scholars wish to be exempt from the extreme methodological debate and have introduced middle ground. This is found in the attempt to introduce Social constructivism as it has already been contained in a definition of sociology by Max Weber (1964:88) A science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects. However, Social constructivism, it has been said needs to show more to be accepted as the middle ground in researching social phenomena. I intend to define the difference in position between two methodological positions Positivism and Post Positivism with the relevance of epistemology and ontology and other related terminology in the research of social phenomena. This will then illustrate the introduction of social constructivism and its relevance and the contribution it has made to the study of social phenomena in international relations. Positivism is the most influential school of thought; scientific methods are used to conduct investigations and research in international relations. Using empirical data for introducing theories, the epistemology and ontology is explaining objectively. Dominant theories such as Realism and Pluralism have come from the work of scholars under the positivists school of thought. Both, of which are rational theories and very constitutive to international relations. There are many sub theories under the category of Realism and Pluralism; this has given rise to much debate among rationalists recently. Most recognised as the inter paradigm debate of Neo- Realists and Neo-Liberalists. The neo-neo debate is very modern as these are the refined theories of the traditional Realist and Liberalist theories. The rationalists have explicitly rejected the work of post positivistic research for epistemological and ontological reasons. .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .postImageUrl , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:hover , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:visited , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:active { border:0!important; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:active , .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42 .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04fd557ab8ac31382547ca774fa94c42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bin Laden and Hitler: Compare and Contrast EssayThere has been much development in liberalism, one such type of liberalism is that of utopian. Widely known as Wilsonian idealism founder of the league of nation along with the French and British. Subsequently after the First World War, this is reminiscent of the work from Immanuel Kant in perpetual peace. The idea is to bring Democracy and self-determination to the world and an international organization to resolve disputes. This effectively brings interdependence on a global stage such as previous forms of diplomacy had been unsuccessful at dissolving the problems that brought about WWI. Gilbert (1995:257) was quoted to have said the Millions are being killed. Europe is mad, the world is mad. This has become the most historical depiction upon the subject of WWI. The Kellogg-briand pact of 1928 has become the highest point in this international effort to bring peace at that time. This .